Cushing's Disease in Dogs

Cushing's Disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition in which a dog's body produces too much cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone important for regulating various bodily functions, including stress response and metabolism. However, when produced in excess, it can cause significant health issues. 

This disease often affects middle-aged and older dogs and is usually caused by a small tumour on the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, or, less commonly, on the adrenal glands near the kidneys. In some cases, Cushing's Disease can also be caused by the long term moderate to high use of some steroid medications.

Signs of Cushing's Disease in Dogs

1 - Excess Thirst and Urination 

One of the first signs of Cushing's Disease is your dog drinking more water than usual and needing to urinate more frequently.

2 - Increased Appetite

You may notice your dog has and increased appetite, starts begging more for food or stealing food.

3 - Hair Loss, Weight Gain, Panting, and Skin Changes 

Dogs may lose hair, gain weight, especially around the abdomen (pot-bellied appearance), pant excessively, and have thinning skin.

4 - Abdominal Swelling and Lack of Energy 

As the disease progresses, you might notice significant swelling in your dog's abdomen and a general lack of energy and enthusiasm.

Your vet may also suspect Cushing's Disease in dogs diagnosed with diabetes who are struggling to stabilise on insulin treatment

Diagnosis of Cushing's Disease

Initial Veterinary Visit

During the initial vet visit, your dog's medical history will be reviewed, and a physical examination will be conducted. 

The vet will look for signs like increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, hair loss, and abdominal swelling.

Diagnostic Tests

The initial step in diagnosing Cushing's Disease typically involves blood and urine tests. These tests help detect abnormalities that may indicate the presence of the disease. Blood tests can reveal elevated liver enzymes and other indicators, while urine tests might show diluted urine due to excessive drinking.

Tests such as the ACTH stimulation test or the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test may be required. These advanced tests measure how your dog's body responds to hormones that regulate cortisol production, providing a more definitive diagnosis.

Many patients also require abdominal ultrasound scanning to look at the size of the adrenal glands. Blood pressure monitoring is also important in patients with Cushing's Disease

Treating Cushing's Disease

Treatment options for Cushing's Disease vary depending on the underlying cause. Where steroid medications are suspected as a cause, treatment will involve reducing doses or using other medications or formulations in their place. 

Medications such as trilostane are commonly used to reduce cortisol production. These drugs help manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected dogs.

In cases where an adrenal tumour is present, surgical removal of the tumour may be necessary. This specialist treatment can be effective but involves higher risks and requires careful consideration. Additionally, radiation therapy might be an option for certain cases, particularly when surgery is not feasible.

Where the disease originates in the brain, a specialist surgery called hypophysectomy may be possible to remove this tumour.

Managing the Condition

Where tumour removal is not possible, long-term management involves regular vet visits to monitor your dog's health and adjust medications as needed. 

This will likely include frequent blood tests to ensure cortisol levels remain stable.

Secondary Conditions

Cushing's disease predisposes pets to other secondary conditions such as urinary infections, skin infections and high blood pressure. Monitoring and treatment of these may also be necessary over time.

Prognosis and Long-Term Outlook

The outlook for dogs with Cushing's Disease varies. With appropriate treatment, many dogs can enjoy a good quality of life for several years. It is essential to work closely with your vet to manage the condition effectively and ensure your dog's comfort.

Early detection is vital to your dog’s long term wellbeing. Regular check-ups and being observant of any changes in your dog's behaviour or physical condition can help catch the disease early and help to prevent the most severe cases.

Ensuring Your Dog's Well-being

Cushing's Disease in dogs is a complex condition that requires careful management. With the right treatment and ongoing care, many dogs can lead happy and comfortable lives. Regular veterinary visits and staying informed about the disease are crucial for pet owners managing this condition. 

By staying proactive and working closely with your vet, you can help ensure the best quality of life for your furry friend.