Diabetes in Cats

Diabetes mellitus is a condition affecting the body's ability to control blood sugar levels. In non-diabetic animals, insulin is released in response to increased blood glucose levels (e.g. when the animal has eaten) and this causes the body to store the glucose. 

In most cats, insulin is produced, but the body becomes resistant to the effects. Cats with high blood glucose will then lose this glucose through their kidneys and into their urine. Feline diabetes is similar to human 'type 2' diabetes.

In contrast, Diabetes mellitus in dogs is similar to 'type 1' diabetes in humans, where not enough insulin is produced by the body.

Both these types of diabetes are completely different to diabetes insipidus, which has nothing to do with blood glucose control

Diabetes is quite common, affecting around 1 in 200 cats. Early detection and treatment are crucial for ensuring your cat leads a happy and healthy life.

Causes and Risk Factors

Insulin is necessary for cells to absorb glucose (sugar) from the blood for energy. Without it, glucose stays in the blood, causing high sugar levels.

Obesity is a major risk factor since excess weight can make it hard for the body to use insulin properly. Genetics can also play a part, with some breeds more prone to the disease. A diet high in carbohydrates and a lack of exercise can increase the risk. 

Another risk factor for cats is the use of long term, moderate to high dosage use of steroids, including long acting steroid injections.

Senior cats and certain breeds, like Burmese or Siamese, are more susceptible to diabetes.

Symptoms of Diabetes in Cats

Common symptoms include increased thirst and urination, weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite, and lethargy. 

Your cat’s coat might also become dull and less groomed. In severe cases, you might see symptoms like vomiting, dehydration, and weakness, which can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a serious and potentially fatal condition.

Diagnosing Diabetes in Cats

Diagnosing diabetes involves blood and urine tests to check glucose levels. Your vet might also conduct a fructosamine test, which shows the average blood glucose levels over the past two weeks, helping to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Insulin Therapy

Most diabetic cats need insulin injections. Your vet, or vet nurse, will show you how to give these at home and emphasise the importance of giving them consistently at the same time every day.

Owners often worry about the complexity of insulin administration and the cost of long-term treatment. It’s essential to follow your vet’s guidance and not skip doses. Some cats can achieve remission, reducing the need for ongoing insulin therapy.

Consistency in feeding and insulin administration is key. Regular meal times and a strict schedule help stabilise blood glucose levels. Be prepared to handle common challenges like changes in appetite or stress, which can affect glucose levels.

Velagliflozin Therapy

Velagliflozin is a relatively new therapy for cats with diabetes, working in an entirely different way to insulin by instead increasing the amount of glucose lost into the urine, and is given as a once daily oral liquid medication and eliminating the need for injections.

The difference in this medication and the fact it can have an equal effect to insulin therapy is clearly very appealing for many reasons. It should be noted however, that not all cats will be suitable for this treatment, so your Vet will need to consider several factors before prescribing it.  

Dietary Changes

Feeding your cat a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet is ideal, however sudden changes to diet should be avoided, and feeding a diet parable to your cat is the most important factor.

Special diabetic cat foods are available to help manage the condition. Weight management through diet and regular exercise can also improve insulin sensitivity and overall health. Always discuss any diet changes with your vet.

Complications and Emergencies

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis happens when blood glucose levels are high for a prolonged length of time (days to weeks). This is usually due to insufficient control with medication.

Signs include lethargy, vomiting, and dehydration. Immediate veterinary care is critical as this condition can be fatal without prompt treatment.

Hypoglycaemia

Low blood sugar can cause weakness, tremors, and seizures. 

This most commonly occurs if an overdose of insulin has been accidentally given, or your cat has not eaten sufficient to increase their glucose levels. It can also happen if cats go into remission without recognition.

Providing a quick source of glucose, like honey or corn syrup, and seeking immediate vet care can save your cat’s life.

Monitoring for Complications

Regular vet visits for blood glucose levels and fructosamine tests are essential. In some instances, you can monitor your cat’s blood glucose levels at home using a glucometer. Keeping a record of these readings can help your vet adjust the treatment plan effectively.

Sometimes, some cats may need 'blood glucose curves' taken. This is where your car would be admitted to the practice for the day for multiple glucose levels to be taken throughout the day, to track the glucose level.

Another option may be the placement of a blood glucose 'patch' which is placed on shaved skin and can be used to monitor levels at home.

While diabetes can be managed effectively, it's essential to be aware of potential complications. These can include:

Low blood sugar levels can occur if your pet receives too much insulin or doesn't eat enough. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate treatment. Hypoglycaemic pets can be lethargic or look ‘drunk’, staggering around and appearing disorientated.

Many diabetic cats also develop cataracts, which can lead to vision loss. Diabetic cats are more susceptible to urinary tract infections, so be vigilant for signs of discomfort or changes in urination habits.

Long-term Outlook and Prevention

With proper management, many cats lead happy lives. Some may even go into remission, especially with early and effective treatment.

Remission 

Since a proportion cat with diabetes are still able to produce insulin, once blood glucose levels are controlled with the help of medication, their bodies can start to become more sensitive to the effects, and the diabetes can go into 'remission' where medication is no longer needed. Regular Veterinary monitoring will help determine if this is the case with your cat.

Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise. Regular vet check-ups can catch early signs of diabetes, allowing for timely intervention.

Ensuring a Healthy Future for Your Cat

Managing feline diabetes requires dedication, but with the right care, your cat can enjoy a high quality of life. 

By understanding the condition, monitoring their health, and maintaining regular veterinary care, you can help your cat live a happy and healthy life despite their diagnosis.

If your cat's quality of life is suffering, contact our team via 0333 041 8200, or request an appointment.