Epilepsy in dogs is a common neurological disorder that affects many pets across the UK. If your dog has recently been diagnosed with epilepsy, it can be a worrying and overwhelming experience. However, with the right knowledge and treatment plan, dogs with epilepsy can lead happy, healthy lives.
In this article, we’ll explore the signs and symptoms of epilepsy in dogs, how the condition is diagnosed, treatment options, and how you can best manage your dog's epilepsy at home. Our goal is to provide you with the information you need to support your dog and ensure their quality of life.
In This Article
What is Epilepsy in Dogs?
Epilepsy is a condition that causes dogs to experience recurring seizures, which are the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can vary in severity, from mild episodes that are barely noticeable to more severe, convulsive fits. The condition can be classified into two main types:
Idiopathic epilepsy
The most common type of epilepsy in dogs, idiopathic epilepsy has no known cause and is believed to be genetic in many cases. It typically is diagnosed in dogs between six months and six years of age and is often a lifelong condition.
Symptomatic (secondary) epilepsy
This type of epilepsy is caused by an underlying issue, such as a brain tumour, infection, or injury. It is often diagnosed in older dogs or dogs with other medical conditions.
Seizures can also be caused in dogs of all ages by other causes such as poisoning. In these cases, if the underlying reason is treated, the dog is unlikely to suffer from recurrence of seizures.
Recognising the Signs of Epilepsy in Dogs
Understanding the signs of epilepsy is crucial for early diagnosis and management. While seizures are the hallmark symptom, there are different types of seizures your dog may experience.
Recognising these can help you provide accurate information to your vet:
1. Generalised (Grand Mal) Seizures
Generalised seizures affect both sides of the brain and typically involve full-body convulsions. During a grand mal seizure, your dog may collapse, lose consciousness, experience stiff limbs, paddling movements, or uncontrollable shaking. They may urinate and defecate. These episodes can last from a few seconds to several minutes.
2. Focal (Partial) Seizures
Focal seizures are more localised and affect only one part of the brain. These seizures may cause unusual movements or behaviour in one part of your dog’s body, such as twitching of a limb, facial spasms, or sudden changes in their eyes. Sometimes, focal seizures can progress into generalised seizures.
3. Absence (Petit Mal) Seizures
Absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, are less common and may cause your dog to briefly lose awareness. They might stare into space, appear confused, or show a sudden change in alertness without the convulsions typical of a grand mal seizure.
What to Do if Your Dog Has a Seizure
Seeing your dog have a seizure can be distressing, but staying calm and knowing how to respond is important:
Ensure a safe environment
Clear the area around your dog to prevent injury. Remove any objects they might hit during the seizure, but do not attempt to restrain them. Reduce stimulation by darkening the room, and turning off any televisions or radios. Never put anything in your dog’s mouth during a seizure.
Time the seizure
Most seizures last between 30 seconds and two minutes. If your dog’s seizure lasts longer than five minutes, seek immediate veterinary attention as this could indicate a life-threatening condition known as status epilepticus.
Stay with your dog
Talk to your dog in a calm, soothing voice, and keep an eye on them as they recover. Some dogs may be disoriented, anxious, or confused following a seizure.
Diagnosing Epilepsy in Dogs
If you suspect your dog is having seizures, it’s important to consult your vet as soon as possible. Diagnosing epilepsy usually involves several steps:
Physical examination
Your vet will perform a thorough examination and ask for a detailed history of your dog's symptoms, including the frequency and type of seizures.
Blood tests
Blood tests can help rule out metabolic conditions or infections that might be causing seizures.
Imaging
In some cases, your vet may recommend an MRI or CT scan to look for any structural abnormalities in the brain, such as tumours or trauma.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
This test measures the electrical activity in your dog’s brain and can help confirm a diagnosis of epilepsy.
Treatment Options for Dogs with Epilepsy
While epilepsy cannot be cured, it can often be managed with medication and lifestyle adjustments. Your vet will tailor a treatment plan based on the frequency and severity of your dog’s seizures, as well as their overall health.
Common treatments include:
1. Anti-Seizure Medications
The most common treatment for epilepsy in dogs is anti-seizure medication. Drugs such as phenobarbital, potassium bromide, or newer medications like levetiracetam and zonisamide, can help control the frequency and severity of seizures.
It's important to follow your vet’s dosing instructions closely and schedule regular check-ups to monitor your dog’s response to the medication. Some dogs may require a combination of medications or dose adjustments over time.
2. Dietary Changes
In some cases, dietary changes may help manage epilepsy. A ketogenic diet, high in fat and low in carbohydrates, has been shown to reduce seizures in some dogs. Speak to your vet about whether a special diet might benefit your pet.
3. Holistic Approaches
While not a substitute for veterinary treatment, some dog owners explore complementary therapies such as acupuncture or herbal supplements, under the guidance of their vet. Always discuss these options with your vet before making any changes to your dog's treatment plan.
Managing Epilepsy in Dogs at Home
Living with a dog that has epilepsy requires ongoing care and vigilance. Here are some tips to help manage your dog’s condition at home:
Keep a seizure diary
Record each seizure, noting the date, duration, and any potential triggers. This information can help your vet adjust your dog’s treatment plan.
Avoid known triggers
Stress, excitement, and sudden changes in routine can sometimes trigger seizures. Keeping a calm, predictable environment may help reduce the risk.
Regular vet check-ups
Routine visits to your vet are crucial to monitor your dog’s condition, adjust medications if needed, and ensure overall health.
Medicate consistently
Stick to a regular medication schedule, as missing doses can lead to breakthrough seizures.
Key Takeaways for Dog Owners
Epilepsy in dogs can be challenging, but with the right approach, it is manageable. By working closely with your vet, monitoring your dog's symptoms, and providing a supportive home environment, you can help your dog live a comfortable, fulfilling life.
If you suspect your dog may have epilepsy, or if they have been diagnosed, don’t hesitate to reach out to your vet for guidance. Early detection, effective treatment, and ongoing management are key to keeping your beloved companion happy and healthy.
If your dog's quality of life is suffering, contact our team via 0333 041 8200 or request an appointment.
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