Lyme Disease in Dogs

Lyme disease is a serious tick-borne illness affecting dogs in the UK. Caused by the Borrelia bacteria, it can lead to severe health issues if left untreated. 

Understanding the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods is crucial for all dog owners.

What is Lyme Disease?

Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of infected black-legged ticks, also known as deer ticks. This condition can affect both humans and animals, including dogs, and is becoming more common in the UK, particularly in certain regions.

Ticks are small arachnids that feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. When a tick bites an animal or human, it can transmit the Borrelia bacteria if it remains attached for at least 24 hours.

The South-East of England is considered a hotspot for Lyme disease, with high numbers of confirmed cases. The South-West also sees a significant number of cases, making these regions particularly risky for tick exposure​ (HuffPost UK)​​ (Veterinary Practice)​.

Ticks that transmit Lyme disease are commonly found in areas with high vegetation, such as woodlands, parks, and even gardens. Dogs are more likely to encounter ticks during outdoor activities, particularly in these environments. Increased outdoor recreational activities and a rise in tick populations have contributed to the growing exposure risks​ (Veterinary Practice)​​ (Frontline)​.

Symptoms of Lyme Disease in Dogs

The symptoms of Lyme disease in dogs can vary widely and may not appear until weeks after the tick bite. Common symptoms include:

1 - Lameness

Dogs may show signs of shifting leg lameness, where the lameness moves from one leg to another.

2 - Swollen Joints

This can cause pain and discomfort, making it difficult for the dog to move.

3 - Fever 

A high temperature is often one of the first signs.

4 - Lethargy 

Dogs may appear tired and less active than usual.

5 - Loss of Appetite

A reduced interest in food can be an indication of illness.

6 - Swollen Lymph Nodes 

These may be noticeable around the neck and other areas.

7 - Nerve Problems 

In some cases, dogs can develop neurological issues, which can manifest as changes in behaviour or sensitivity to touch.

In rare cases, Lyme disease can cause kidney damage, which may lead to more severe health complications. Cats can also contract Lyme disease, though they tend to show fewer symptoms than dogs.

In severe cases, hospitalisation might be necessary. Additional treatments may include intravenous fluids and other supportive care. In rare, untreatable cases, euthanasia might be considered, although this is a last resort.

Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

If you suspect your dog has Lyme disease, consult a veterinarian immediately. The vet will perform a physical examination and inquire about your dog’s history of tick exposure. Early detection is key to effective treatment.

Blood tests are commonly used to diagnose Lyme disease in dogs. These tests detect antibodies produced in response to the Borrelia bacteria. While no test is 100% accurate, a combination of tests can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options

The primary treatment for Lyme disease in dogs is antibiotics, such as doxycycline or amoxicillin. Treatment usually lasts for several weeks. It is crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics to ensure the infection is fully cleared.

Anti-inflammatory medications may be prescribed to alleviate joint pain and reduce swelling. This helps improve your dog's comfort and mobility during recovery.

With early and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for dogs with Lyme disease is generally good. However, some dogs may experience recurrent symptoms even after treatment. In severe cases, particularly those affecting the kidneys, the outlook can be more guarded.

Tick Prevention Methods

Preventing tick bites is crucial. Regular use of tick control products, such as spot-on treatments or tick collars, can significantly reduce the risk. Additionally, avoiding tick-infested areas and regularly checking your pet for ticks can help prevent Lyme disease.

To safely remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers, or a tick remover, to grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible. Pull upward with steady, even pressure. After removal, clean the bite area and your hands with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. Check that the head of the tick is still attached to the body you have removed. Examine the bite area daily for the next couple of weeks and seek veterinary advice for any inflammation.

Keep your garden tick-free by regularly mowing the lawn, removing leaf litter, and creating a barrier between wooded areas and your garden. These steps can reduce the likelihood of tick encounters.

If you notice any symptoms of Lyme disease in your dog or find a tick on your pet, contact your veterinarian promptly. Early intervention is critical for successful treatment.