Lymphoma in Cats: Symptoms, Treatment & Life Expectancy

Lymphoma is one of the most common cancers affecting our feline companions. It originates in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell integral to the immune system. In cats, lymphoma often targets the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but it can also emerge in areas such as the chest cavity, kidneys, or lymph nodes. 

Early detection and proper treatment can significantly improve your cat’s prognosis and quality of life. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about feline lymphoma—from common symptoms and diagnostic steps to potential treatments and life expectancy.

What Is Lymphoma in Cats?

Lymphoma is a malignant tumour that develops from lymphocytes. These cells are crucial for fighting infections and diseases, forming part of the lymphatic system. When these cells begin to grow uncontrollably, they can invade various parts of the body.

Some key points include:

• Feline lymphoma is prevalent, particularly in older cats or those with compromised immune systems.

• The gastrointestinal form is the most common, but lymphoma can also appear in the mediastinum (chest), kidneys, central nervous system, and lymph nodes.

• Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection has been closely linked to increased risk in some types of lymphoma, although widespread vaccination programmes have reduced these cases in recent years.

Common Symptoms of Lymphoma in Cats

Symptoms of lymphoma can vary widely depending on the location of the tumour. In many instances, signs may be subtle or mistaken for less serious illnesses. Here are some of the most common indicators:

1. Lethargy and Weakness

Cats may sleep more than usual, appear disinterested in normal activities, or show general signs of fatigue.

2. Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite

Especially prevalent in GI lymphoma, as the tumours can disrupt normal digestion and nutrient absorption.

3. Vomiting and Diarrhoea

Any chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal issue should prompt a visit to the vet.

4. Respiratory Distress or Laboured Breathing

More commonly associated with mediastinal lymphoma, which can compress the lungs and airways.

5. Enlarged Lymph Nodes

Nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin may become palpable if the cancer has spread.

6. Excessive Thirst or Increased Urination

This could point to kidney involvement; however, these symptoms often mirror other conditions like diabetes or hyperthyroidism.

If you observe any of these symptoms in your cat—especially if they are persistent—consult your veterinarian for an immediate evaluation. Early diagnosis greatly improves treatment outcomes.

Diagnosing Feline Lymphoma

Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination and a discussion of your cat’s medical history. Your veterinarian may then proceed with one or more of the following:

Blood Tests

Complete blood count (CBC) to check for abnormalities, anaemia, or infection markers.

Biochemistry profile to evaluate organ function, especially liver and kidneys.

Imaging

X-rays or ultrasounds to look for tumours in the chest, abdomen, or other organs. Helps determine the stage and spread of the disease.

Biopsy or Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

A small sample of tissue or cells is collected from the suspected tumour or enlarged lymph node. Crucial for confirming the presence of lymphoma cells and identifying the specific type.

Specialised Tests

Immunophenotyping or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests may be recommended in some cases to pinpoint T-cell or B-cell lymphoma.

Accurate diagnosis is essential to tailor the treatment plan and predict the potential outcome.

Treatment Options for Lymphoma in Cats

Treatment for feline lymphoma is highly individualised and depends on factors like the cancer’s location, the cat’s overall health, and the specific type of lymphoma. Common treatments include:

Chemotherapy

• The most frequently recommended treatment for lymphoma.

• Generally well-tolerated by cats with fewer side effects than humans typically experience.

• Can significantly extend survival time and improve quality of life.

• May require day-care patient treatment for doses, however many regimes can be given by mouth.

• Decision to start chemotherapy should include consideration of the ease of medicating the feline patient, plus caregiver factors such as time needed to administer treatment, and suitability of treatment if the pet will be around those who are pregnant or very young children.

Steroid Therapy

• Often used in conjunction with chemotherapy or as a standalone option if chemotherapy is not feasible.

• Helps reduce inflammation and shrink tumours temporarily.

Radiation Therapy

• May be suitable for localised lymphoma, especially if the tumour is in an area where surgical intervention is not an option.

• Requires specialist equipment and might involve multiple sessions.

Surgical Intervention

• Less common for lymphoma unless it is extremely localised or causing an obstruction (e.g., in the GI tract).

• Always discussed on a case-by-case basis.

Supportive Care

• Your vet may advise specialised diets or supplements to maintain body weight and nutrient intake.

• Medications or therapies to improve comfort and quality of life.

Throughout treatment, regular veterinary check-ups and diagnostic tests will help monitor the progression of the disease and guide any necessary adjustments to your cat’s treatment plan.

Life Expectancy & Prognosis

The prognosis for cats with lymphoma can vary greatly, influenced by factors such as the lymphoma subtype, the stage of cancer, and how well the cat responds to treatment. Here are some general guidelines:

Without Treatment

Prognosis is typically poor, with average survival times often measured in weeks to a few months.

With Chemotherapy

Many cats experience a significant extension of life, often between 6 to 12 months, with some living well beyond a year.

Remission is possible, meaning no detectable cancer cells remain, but the disease can recur.

Early Detection & Treatment

Cats diagnosed in the early stages who receive prompt, aggressive treatment frequently have better outcomes.

It’s vital to note that each case is different, and some cats can thrive for years after a lymphoma diagnosis, especially with diligent veterinary care and a supportive home environment.

Enhancing Quality of Life

Feline lymphoma can be emotionally challenging for both cats and their owners. However, there are steps you can take to help ensure your cat remains as comfortable and content as possible:

Regular Veterinary Visits

Keep follow-up appointments to adjust treatments and manage any side effects or complications quickly.

Adequate Nutrition

Work with your vet to find the right diet—possibly one that’s highly digestible or higher in protein, depending on your cat’s specific needs.

Stress Reduction

Maintain a calm, safe, and clean living environment, with plenty of quiet areas to rest.

Offer gentle play and interaction based on your cat’s energy levels.

Medication Management

Ensure timely administration of chemotherapy, steroids, or pain relief medications.

Watch for signs of adverse reactions, such as vomiting, diarrhoea, or loss of appetite.

Final Thoughts

While a diagnosis of lymphoma in cats can be distressing, advancements in veterinary medicine have greatly improved treatment success rates. Early detection through routine check-ups, understanding the common symptoms, and promptly seeking professional care can make all the difference. With the right combination of therapies and supportive measures, many cats go on to enjoy a good quality of life for months or even years following diagnosis.

If you suspect your cat might be exhibiting symptoms of lymphoma—or if they’ve recently been diagnosed—book a telehealth consultation with our team today. With vigilance, proper care, and plenty of love, you can help your feline friend navigate this challenging condition and maintain the highest possible quality of life.