Lymphoma in Dogs: Symptoms, Treatment & Life Expectancy

Lymphoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in dogs. Affecting the immune system’s lymphocytes, this disease can develop in various parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and even the gastrointestinal tract. 

Early detection, appropriate treatment, and ongoing care can significantly improve a dog’s quality of life—and, in some cases, extend survival times. 

In this detailed guide, we’ll explore the typical symptoms of canine lymphoma, the range of treatment options available, and what to expect in terms of life expectancy.

What Is Canine Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a malignant condition that arises from lymphocytes—white blood cells responsible for maintaining the immune system. Because these cells circulate throughout the body, lymphoma can appear in different forms, such as multicentric (affecting multiple lymph nodes), alimentary (in the digestive system), mediastinal (in the chest cavity), or extranodal (involving organs like the skin, eyes, or kidneys). 

Some types, like B-cell lymphoma, tend to respond better to treatment, while T-cell lymphoma can be more aggressive. However, every dog is unique, so identifying lymphoma early is crucial for determining the best approach.

Common Symptoms to Look Out For

Dogs with lymphoma may show a variety of clinical signs, often depending on which type of lymphoma is present. Below are some common indicators:

• Swollen Lymph Nodes: One of the hallmark signs is an enlarged lymph node—usually noticeable as a painless lump in the neck, behind the knees, or around the jaw.

• Lethargy or Weakness: A general decline in energy levels can signal that your dog’s immune system is under stress.

• Weight Loss: Sudden or persistent weight loss without a clear cause, such as a change in diet or exercise, could be linked to underlying illness.

• Changes in Appetite: Some dogs may lose interest in food, while others might show signs of gastrointestinal upset if lymphoma affects the digestive tract.

• Increased Thirst or Urination: If the kidneys or liver are involved, you may notice shifts in drinking and toileting habits.

• Breathing Difficulties: In cases where the chest cavity is affected, coughing or laboured breathing can occur.

Because many of these symptoms overlap with other health conditions, seeking veterinary advice promptly is the best way to confirm whether lymphoma is the cause.

How Is Lymphoma Diagnosed?

Early and accurate diagnosis is key to developing an effective treatment plan. Your vet will typically begin with:

• Physical Examination: Palpating lymph nodes and noting any swellings, lumps, or other abnormalities.

• Blood Tests: A complete blood count and biochemical profile to assess organ function and detect any irregularities.

• Fine-Needle Aspirate or Biopsy: Taking a small sample of cells from an enlarged lymph node or affected organ. A biopsy provides more definitive information on the cancer type.

• Imaging Techniques: X-rays, ultrasound, or advanced scans like CT or MRI can pinpoint the location and extent of any tumours.

Treatment Options

Treatment strategies depend on several factors: the lymphoma subtype, the stage of the disease, and your dog’s overall health. Common approaches include:

• Chemotherapy: Typically the most effective treatment for many forms of lymphoma, chemotherapy aims to induce remission. Protocols may involve single or multiple drugs, administered weekly or bi-weekly, and many dogs tolerate chemotherapy relatively well with minimal side effects.

• Steroids (Corticosteroids): Some owners opt for steroid therapy, which can alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression, although not as effectively as chemotherapy.

• Radiation Therapy: Used less frequently than chemotherapy in dogs, but it may be recommended if the lymphoma is localised to a specific area, such as a single lymph node or region.

• Surgery: In certain cases of extranodal lymphoma (for example, a solitary tumour in the gastrointestinal tract), surgery may be a viable option.

• Palliative Care: If aggressive treatments are not possible or have proven ineffective, managing pain and preserving quality of life become the main priorities. This can include medication for discomfort, dietary adjustments, and supportive therapies like acupuncture.

Life Expectancy and Remission

Without any treatment, a dog with lymphoma may have a life expectancy of only a few weeks to a couple of months, depending on the aggressiveness of the disease. However, chemotherapy protocols significantly improve these figures. 

Many dogs achieve remission—meaning symptoms are under control—for anywhere between 6 and 12 months. Some dogs enjoy even longer periods of remission, while others may go through additional courses of therapy if the cancer returns.

It’s important to note that “remission” doesn’t always mean cured; rather, it indicates that clinical signs have subsided. Regular check-ups and follow-up tests can help ensure any relapse is caught as early as possible.

Maintaining Quality of Life

While aiming for remission is ideal, quality of life should always remain a central focus. Dogs undergoing chemotherapy often handle the treatment better than humans, but they can still experience side effects, such as mild nausea or fatigue. Staying vigilant about changes in appetite, energy levels, or behaviour allows you to address issues before they become severe. Work closely with your vet to adjust medication or nutrition if needed.

If a dog doesn’t respond to treatment, or if treatment options are limited, palliative care can ensure comfort in their remaining time. In such cases, in-home euthanasia services provide a compassionate, stress-free environment for a peaceful goodbye, allowing pets to remain in familiar surroundings.

Key Takeaways

Lymphoma is a complex but manageable disease in many dogs, thanks to advances in veterinary medicine and greater awareness among pet owners. Early detection through regular health checks and being alert to changes in your dog’s behaviour can make a considerable difference in both survival times and day-to-day wellbeing. 

By understanding lymphoma’s symptoms, exploring all available treatment options, and focusing on maintaining quality of life, you can give your canine companion the best possible care during this challenging journey. If you ever suspect lymphoma or have concerns about your dog’s health, consult your vet promptly to discuss personalised diagnostic and treatment plans.