Ataxia in dogs is a condition that affects a dog's ability to move normally, leading to wobbly, unsteady movements that can be worrying for any pet owner. It’s not a disease itself but rather a sign indicating that something might be wrong with your dog's nervous system.
This could be due to various reasons, such as an injury, infection, or even a genetic condition. The good news is that with the right information and timely action, you can help your dog feel better and possibly recover.
In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about ataxia in dogs, including its causes, symptoms, and what you can do to help your furry friend.
In this guide
What is Ataxia in Dogs?
Ataxia is a term used to describe a lack of coordination and balance, causing dogs to appear unsteady or have trouble walking straight. It’s a sign that there’s a problem with the parts of the nervous system that control movement and balance.
Depending on which part of the nervous system is affected, ataxia can look different in each dog. There are three main types of ataxia: cerebellar, vestibular, and sensory. Each type has its own set of symptoms and causes, which we’ll go over next.
Types of Ataxia in Dogs
Cerebellar Ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia happens when there’s an issue with the cerebellum, a part of the brain that manages balance and movement. Dogs with this type of ataxia might have jerky movements, tremors, or a wide stance when walking. They may also sway from side to side. This type of ataxia can be caused by things like genetic conditions (inherited from their parents), brain tumours, or even infections. Some breeds, such as the Jack Russell Terrier, are more prone to cerebellar ataxia due to hereditary factors, so it’s good to be aware if your dog’s breed is at higher risk.
Vestibular Ataxia
Vestibular ataxia is linked to the vestibular system, which includes parts of the inner ear and brain that help your dog maintain balance. If your dog has this type of ataxia, you might notice them tilting their head, walking in circles, or seeming dizzy. Common causes include inner ear infections, head injuries, or inflammation of the nerves in the ear. Older dogs sometimes develop a sudden form of vestibular ataxia called idiopathic vestibular syndrome (or “old dog vestibular syndrome”), which can look alarming but often improves on its own.
Sensory Ataxia
Sensory ataxia is caused by issues with the spinal cord or the nerves that send signals from the body to the brain. Dogs with this type of ataxia might have trouble knowing where their feet are, leading to clumsy walking or stumbling. This can happen due to problems like slipped discs, spinal cord injuries, or tumours pressing on the nerves. Sensory ataxia can develop slowly over time, so it’s important to catch it early for the best chance of managing it effectively.
Common Causes of Ataxia in Dogs
Ataxia can result from a variety of underlying problems, some of which include:
Trauma
Injuries from accidents, falls, or hits to the head or spine can damage the nerves, leading to ataxia. This type of ataxia usually comes on suddenly and can be quite severe.
Toxins
Certain chemicals like antifreeze, pesticides, or even some human medications can be toxic to dogs, affecting their nervous system and causing ataxia. Some human medical and recreational drugs can also cause ataxia. If you suspect your dog has ingested something toxic, it’s crucial to get to the vet right away and tell them about anything your pet has ingested.
Infections
Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi can impact the brain or spinal cord, leading to ataxia. Conditions like canine distemper, which is a virus that affects the nervous system, or infections spread by ticks, are common culprits.
Tumours
Growths in the brain or spinal cord can press on nerves and disrupt their function, leading to ataxia. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and the treatment will depend on the type and location of the tumour.
Genetic Disorders
Some dogs inherit genes from their parents that make them more likely to develop ataxia. Knowing your dog’s breed and any associated genetic risks can help you be more vigilant in monitoring for signs of ataxia.
Symptoms of Ataxia in Dogs
The signs of ataxia can vary depending on which type your dog has, but common symptoms include:
Unsteady walking or stumbling
Trouble keeping balance
Head tilting to one side
Rapid or unusual eye movements
Weakness in the legs
Changes in behaviour, such as confusion or increased vocalisations
Recognising Ataxia at Different Stages
Ataxia can start off mild, with your dog occasionally losing balance or seeming clumsy. As it progresses, the symptoms may become more noticeable, such as having difficulty getting up, standing, or walking without falling over. In severe cases, dogs may not be able to walk or stand at all.
Early signs of ataxia should prompt a visit to the vet, as early intervention can often prevent the condition from worsening and improve the chances of a better outcome.
Diagnosis of Ataxia in Dogs
To diagnose ataxia, your vet will start with a physical examination and ask questions about your dog’s recent behaviour, diet, and any incidents that could have led to their symptoms.
They will likely check your dog’s reflexes, balance, and coordination. Diagnostic tests might include blood tests, X-rays, or more advanced imaging like MRI or CT scans to get a clearer picture of what’s happening inside your dog’s body.
In some cases, the vet might take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid around the brain and spine) to test for infections or other conditions. Getting an accurate diagnosis is key to finding the right treatment plan.
Treatment Options for Ataxia in Dogs
Medical Treatments
The treatment for ataxia will depend on what’s causing it. If it’s due to an infection, your vet might prescribe antibiotics or antiviral medications. For inflammation, steroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs might be used. In cases involving tumours or severe injuries, surgery may be necessary to remove a growth or repair damaged tissue. Physical therapy can also be a helpful part of treatment, especially if your dog needs help rebuilding strength and mobility.
Home Care and Management
At home, you can make life easier for a dog with ataxia by creating a safe environment. Consider adding non-slip mats on hard floors, using ramps instead of stairs, and providing supportive harnesses or slings to help your dog move around. Boots may be necessary to protect paws from damage.
Regularly check your dog’s condition and note any changes in symptoms, as this will help your vet adjust their treatment plan if needed. Proper nutrition, hydration, and gentle exercise are also important in supporting your dog’s overall health and recovery.
Prognosis and Recovery in Dogs with Ataxia
The outlook for dogs with ataxia can vary a lot depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Some dogs may fully recover, especially if the ataxia is due to a treatable cause like an infection or a mild injury. Others, particularly those with genetic conditions or severe neurological damage, might have ongoing challenges. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in giving your dog the best chance at recovery. Even if a full recovery isn’t possible, many dogs can still have a good quality of life with the right care and adjustments.
Preventing Ataxia in Dogs
While you can’t prevent every case of ataxia, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk. Keeping household toxins, such as chemicals and medications, safely out of reach, and being careful about your dog’s environment can help. Regular vet check-ups are important, as they can catch health issues early before they become severe. For breeds with a known risk of hereditary ataxia, responsible breeding and genetic testing can help reduce the incidence of this condition.
When to See a Veterinarian
If your dog shows any signs of ataxia, such as unsteady walking, head tilting, or unusual eye movements, it’s important to contact your vet as soon as possible. Quick action can make a big difference, especially if the ataxia is caused by something that can be treated or managed effectively. Your vet will help you understand what’s happening and what steps to take next, ensuring your dog gets the care they need.
Frequently Asked Questions About Ataxia in Dogs
What’s the difference between ataxia and other neurological disorders?
Ataxia specifically affects balance and coordination, while other neurological conditions might affect how a dog thinks, feels, or behaves. Ataxia is mainly about movement and how your dog’s body works with the brain to stay balanced.
Can ataxia be cured?
It depends on what’s causing the ataxia. Some cases, like those caused by infections or toxins, can be completely resolved with treatment. Other causes, like genetic conditions, may not be curable but can often be managed to improve your dog’s quality of life.
If your dog's quality of life is suffering from ataxia, or any other condition, contact our team via 0333 041 8200 or request an appointment.
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